Dreams of Russia to the Moon

September 14, 1959, half a century ago, the Soviet automatic interplanetary station "Luna-2 for the first time in the history of mankind has reached the surface of the Earth's satellite, and left there pennants with the State Emblem of the USSR. It is from this day dates back program of lunar exploration, in which people stepped only 10 years after the landing apparatus of the Luna-2 ". Starting this station is not the first time carried out on two-and three-to medium with a block "E", create the basis for the rocket to launch Yuri Gagarin. Moreover, the "Luna-2 has helped to solve the complex problem of providing long-range space communications and telemetry data received. When you start a research conducted magnetic fields of Earth and Moon, the study of radiation belts surrounding the Earth, study the intensity and variations in intensity of cosmic radiation, the study of heavy nuclei in cosmic radiation, the study of the gas component of interplanetary matter, the study of meteor particles. This run confirmed that the Moon has no appreciable magnetic field around it and no radiation belts. At the moment, as the head of the Federal Space Agency Anatoly Perminov, "until such developments on the" moon "program, which is in Russia, has no country in the world." However, it should be noted that over a long period there were no government programs to develop satellite. At present, the Federal Space Program (FCP) until 2015, only two appear on the automatic "moon" project - "Luna-Glob" be launched in 2011, and starts in 2012, "Moon Resources. Russia project "Luna-Glob" is intended to explore the internal structure of the natural satellite of Earth. Scientists at the same time planning to get an answer to the question of whether the Moon was formed simultaneously with the entire solar system or a "split" by a huge asteroid hit the Earth the size of Mars. Joint Russo-Indian project "Luna-Resource" includes a landing on the lunar surface self-propelled vehicle, lunar rover. As for manned missions to the Moon, then, according to deputy head of the Federal Space Agency Vitaly Davydov, "following the PCF, for the period from 2012 to 2020, will answer the question, what do we do on the moon." Under this program has developed a new generation of manned system, including the carrier rocket from the launch facility and manned spacecraft. Nevertheless we should not forget that in Russia there are serious projects to create on the moon base for mining. According to scientists, the Moon and asteroids may become a kind of "last resort" earthlings, when the planet will run out energy and other resources. According to expert estimates SAI them. Sternberg, exceeding the critical level of energy consumption is expected as early as the middle of next century. Apart from Russia, "lunar" programs are also being developed in the United States, Europe, China, India and Japan. Many projects. Some of them were quite successful, others - no. So, 14 September 2007 from the cosmodrome "Tanegashima" with the help of a powerful booster rocket HLB-2A (H-2A) to the Moon was sent to a Japanese lunar probe "Kaguya". How to find representatives of the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA, the staff managed to get "very important data about the moon and explore its geological history." But the project of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) had not gone so smoothly. The American partners of ISRO in the program recognized the failure of attempts to obtain data on the presence on the Moon signs of frozen water with the help of satellite Chandrayaan-1 ", forced to stop work on the lunar orbit. The aim was to survey the implementation of the most shadow areas in the zone of the north pole of the moon with radar, Mini-SAR synthetic aperture, who worked on board the Chandrayaan-1, and the Mini-RF system of the American orbiter LRO. Both space "intelligence" should have been at the same time from different perspectives capture zone of the crater Erianger, located on the lunar surface. The experiment proved unsuccessful. It was later revealed, "Chandrayaan-1" was aimed at the right time of the shooting was not at that point. Resultant failures in its thermal protection system. To such conclusion experts of ISRO after the analysis of telemetry data received from the board of the apparatus. Despite the fact that the first Indian lunar mission, designed for two years, ended after ten months, she assesses the ISRO as fairly successful. According to the chairman Madhavan Nair agency, technical challenges faced by the satellite, were performed on 100 per cent and the scientifically managed to make about 90-95 percent of what was planned. Meanwhile, further research scientists to be not only the Moon. According to Deputy Director of the Institute of Space Research Oleg Korableva in 2020-2021 years Russia may send an exploratory mission to the moons of Jupiter - Europe. It is expected that the mission will orbiter and lander. When manufacturing these modules will be used backlogs missions - "Phobos-Grunt" and "Moon Resources. The main task will be to search for traces of extraterrestrial life and study the structure of Europe.