Sausages, grown for Mars

For seven years, researchers led by Morris Benzhaminsona, professor of applied biology from the College Nested in Long Island, New York, trying to make the meat in a laboratory setting. Experiments subsidizes NASA. The first victims of the experiment were ... goldfish. Scientists have desyatisantimetrovye strips of fresh muscle tissue just murdered fish, dropped them into the nutrient solution, prepared on the basis of bovine blood, and left for a week. Mass of tissue increased by 14%. Then Benzhaminson and his colleagues began work on the technology of cultivation in vitro of dark and light chicken meat. However, the fabric in two months began to decompose. Now scientists are looking for mechanical and electronic methods of stimulating the growth of blood here sosudov.A V. Mironov, director of the laboratory to create complex tissues at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, he went the other way. In his team believe that space should immediately prepare the meat in the form of sausage or meatballs. Instead of whole pieces of individual researchers grow cells on protein spheres located in the plant environment in the suspended state. Feedstock - myoblasts - the same cells, which made it possible to grow fish fillets. Under normal conditions, myoblasts, which are located on the edges of the muscle fiber, contribute to the healing process. Unfortunately, they can not exist independently, so grow them in large quantities is difficult. But Mironov seemingly found a way. He's going to mix myoblasts with microscopic beads of the protein collagen and keep them in a suspended state - like in zero gravity. Once myoblasts grow and turn into muscle cells, the balls can be collected and made from them, such as tasty sosisku.Po Mironov said, the easiest to work with seafood, as well as their growth can be stimulated in myoblasts. "But the chicken teriyaki is not too fantastic" - he said. Scientist's dream - to make the unit, which will not only growing, but cooking sosiski.Vprochem, researchers have not abandoned their attempts to grow in the laboratory and the classic meat. For example, the same Mironov suggested using the bioreactor with an extensive system of small tubes, which would serve as artificial capillaries that supply nutrients to the growing mass. Ideally, you should develop some kind of substance, repeating the texture of this meat. And for that myoblasts must constantly stretch and shrink. In other words, the future must not simply a steak feed, and regularly trained. By the way, Herman Golden Touch of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, suggested that the regime of physical exercises for immobile meat. A group of scientists under his leadership has developed Chitin beads, the size of which varies depending on the temperature. Myoblasts adhere to the beads that causes the cells to stretch and shrink. Adding fat improves the taste and texture. Mironov calculated: a prototype of a hamburger for space travel today is about 10 thousand dollars but it does not scare the scientist, because the first cars and TVs, too pricey ...

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The culprit of global warming found children

Revision of the prestigious medical journal The Lancet has opened room on September 19, 2009 analytical publication on global warming. At the forefront of combating it is derived, family planning - that his absence, according to the authors, makes a significant contribution to the global poteplenie.Po estimated that 200 million women worldwide need for contraceptives and can not get them. The whole mass of them in developing countries. As a result for the year in developing countries, this gives the 76 million unwanted pregnancies. These (probably unnecessary), people over-load environment, which leads to the disappearance of water, for example, or to soil degradation. Because the technology is not, then just savagely exploited by nature. Disappearing forests, which absorb carbon dioxide, has emerged as pustynyu.Svoi arguments specialists confirm the results of programs in Ethiopia, the people who taught family planning and careful attitude to nature. According to the authors, their results this program dala.Amerikanskie infants Strikes udarV general, the environmental mainstream planned to battle for life and death. Some scientists believe that the growth in CO2 emissions blamed American babies - that they need more than just products, they need to carry a car to school, precisely because each of them in the air in their entire lives will fly further to 9 tons of carbon dioxide . In general, their consumption is costing the planet is too expensive. Other experts now say that all babies are guilty of the underdeveloped countries. After all, in order to feed them, you want to use too much water and territory, because the necessary technology to save both of them in developing countries net.Yasno just one thing: to see which of the points of view is correct, scientists would need additional funding. Even if each party believes they are right, you need to know more details and patterns. If this is the Americans, you need to find out what children are harmful to nature: from complete or incomplete families. Ну а если африканцы - то на какой высоте над уровнем моря они наносят наиболее сильный урон.Единственный вывод, в котором сходятся обе стороны: чем больше люди рожают, тем сильнее в будущем увеличится парниковый эффект.Тем временемС 15 по 17 сентября в Лондоне состоялась конференция reflecting on the impact of global warming on the volcanic activity. British geologists are actively discussing how global warming affects the activity of scientists vulkanov.Vyvod quite adequately voiced by David Pyle (David Pyle) from the University of Oxford: for him, the exact models that link these factors, no. But, apparently, is expected to increase in volcanic activity. To warn you probably can ... additional funding? It seems the only thing that can save mankind from destruction under the thickness of lava and water, is the song Beds `r Burning, a record which last week was attended by 55 artists. Including, incidentally, the popular group of Scorpions and Duran Duran. The purpose of the songs according to artists, to attract (or rather, to keep. - Infox.ru) attention (read: sponsors. - Infox.ru) to the problems of greenhouse gas emissions. Presentation of the songs will be held October 1 at Parizhe.Vprochem, judging by the activity of environmentalists, is not the only event that will happen next week. Infox.ru monitors the heating of the activity around the fight against global warming.

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Discovered a rare meteorite type

A group of researchers from Australia, Britain, the Czech Republic and the United States found on the Australian plains Nallarbor basalt meteorite (Achondrite) and traced the trajectory of his padeniya.Chasche of origin of the meteorite and the trajectory of its motion remains a mystery to scientists: we know a little more than a dozen cases (with the total number of documented falls in 1 100), where such data could poluchit.Dlya order to remedy this situation, the authors placed on the plain Nallarbor system of four automated cameras Desert Fireball Network, which produces a shooting the night sky. "These systems are created in the past, but to find meteorites on the ground covered by vegetation could not always - one of the participants commented on Research Philip Bland (Philip Bland) from Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (UK). - Desert Nallarbor good that there are practically no vegetation, and black objects are allocated on a flat surface of the light. For abandoned fireballs (bright meteor) in the imagery should be the method of triangulation, scientists estimate the parameters of its trajectory and the coordinates of the probable crash site meteorita.Pervy car system has registered 20 July 2007, three fragments of the meteorite, named Bunburra Rockhole, search teams discovered in 2008 and 2009. The source of these basaltic meteorites, in most cases a large asteroid 4 Vesta; structure analysis Bunburra Rockhole, however, showed that he is likely to split from the much smaller asteroid with a diameter of only several dozen kilometrov.Po these calculations, the asteroid was in the inner region of the main belt, and the meteorite broke away from him 10-20 million years ago. Proposed in 2006, the theory argues that the formation of such asteroids was held at relatively short distances from the Sun (in the modern orbit of the Earth and Venus), and then they were thrown into the region of the main belt, and if so, Bunburra Rockhole may constitute an example of matter from which Earth was formed.

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Microbes post-apocalypse: questions of survival

Frightening to think that not only threatens our planet. And the catastrophic volcanic eruptions, and a massive asteroid strike, and, of course, nuclear war. They cause the release of many small particles in the atmosphere and plunge the Earth for a long time in the cold and darkness. Whether this will survive the life of the Apocalypse, without the constant feeding of warm sunshine? Yes - at least in the form of microbes capable of switching to alternative sources of energy. A study on the survival of organisms in the period of "catastrophic Darkness, held British scientists led by the Charles Coquelles (Charles Cockell). To do this, they placed samples of freshwater and marine organisms in total darkness for six months period. Examples include organisms that use different energy sources - including phototrophic, absorbing sunlight and miksotrofov able to use as solar radiation, and inorganic and organic compounds, in a word, "universal energy". Phototrophic barely survived the six-month imprisonment. Almost all of them were killed, and only a few went into a state of "hibernation", and came with the advent of light, again quickly by typing the original strength. Miksotrofy also kept gallant and moved the test fairly easily. Moreover, they are in a sense, "helping hand" to their fellow-phototrophic. When the light disappeared, they quickly moved to food, dead organisms, the existence of continuing and maintaining circulation of nutrients. This provided phototrophic suitable conditions at the time when the light was switched on again and they could begin to multiply. In short, contrary to popular opinion, the darkness of a catastrophic nuclear winter is unlikely to lead to the complete destruction of life and even photosynthetic organisms. At least, not taking into account other possible factors, "Apocalypse": cooling effects of radiation and so on. Biosphere - very stable thing. And surely survive a planetary disaster bacteria supermen, which transcend even the hard radiation, fatal to all living things.

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Birds massively unwilling to fly south

Biologists are concerned about: the thousands and thousands of Pacific black kazarok (Branta bernicla nigricans) do not want to leave Alaska to be advanced to places of their usual wintering grounds on the shores of the Mexican California poluostrova.Dlya birds ready for such a long flight, the choice was clearly not easy. However, the reason it is quite understandable. Changing the planet's climate has led to that much-loved breasted goose sea grass (Zostera) has grown not only in the south. Previously, the lagoon western Alaska were infertile and unprotected from the winds, but with each passing year, these places are becoming more privlekatelnymi.Poslednee study showed that over the past 30 years the number of "refuseniks" increased from 4 to 40 thousand (in the meantime the second number - 30% of all populations of these birds). Branta not want to leave the National Park Izembek (Izembek National Wildlife Refuge), a protected area stretching almost 40 kilometers. "Usually, birds are waiting for the storm will pass through the Aleutian Islands, with winds they go to the south. But now things have changed", - says researcher David Ward (David Ward) from the U.S. Geological Committee, who is studying these birds for many let.Izmeneniyu distribution of winds accompanied by warm weather, which reduced the amount of ice that prevents the growth of sea grass. Of course, in such circumstances to remain in Alaska was to kazarok far preferable to fly several thousand kilometers away, and then another and back. Also available food from ex-migratory birds there is another advantage: wintered in the north, they could before the others return to the breeding grounds, and thus grow faster potomstvo.Uchenye suggest: the rejection of long-distance migrations lead to the fact that the population will rise sharply kazarok ( especially if it becomes a lot of food) that the birds will increase brood. (Spiders won already grown and multiplied.) However, global warming may destroy kazarok. For example, if sea-level rise would flood their native lands. No one thing is clear: the impact will be, but any accurate predictions be too early.

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NASA drew up a map of space debris in orbit

In orbit, there are about 19 thousand pieces of debris over a length of 10 cm each. Such information is contained in the report was circulated on Saturday, NASA's level of "contamination" of space, which is supplemented by a schematic map of the location of these predmetov.Pri an inventory of objects were used recent data from space station observations and reports compiled by the Office for orbital debris NASA.Podgotovlennaya map looks daunting, but, as assured by NASA, the situation is not as bad as it seems, even though every year there is a new on-orbit space debris. "Collisions between large objects are extremely rare. The orbit of each of the fragments are well known - they said. - If any of them will be on the way the current satellite NASA mission control center experts will be able to change the trajectory of the satellite, so it was not in danger. "As ITAR-TASS news agency, certain actions to ensure that the spacecraft did not face with junk NASA has taken on a regular basis. So, last week the shuttle "Discovery" after the flight to the International Space Station had to swerve to avoid encounter with debris. A very close to the ISS flying piece of European launcher. The course of the orbital complex, however, did not have to change, because a fragment covering about 18 square. meter was located about 3 km from the station.

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In the U.S., scientists have shown prarodicha Rights

Scientists presented at the American Museum of Natural History in New York remains of ancient mammals, which can be viewed prarodichem monkeys, apes and even human. "Great-great-great-great-aunt man" was named the American fossil paleontologi.Vozrast prehistoric inhabitants of the earth, called by scientists Ida, is 47 million years. It is the only instance of such an age, which remains stored at 95%, with wool, and even the contents of the stomach - Ida feed on fruits and listyami.Ostanki millions of years had lain in a volcanic lava in Germany near Dortmund, and were only discovered 25 years ago. The skeleton was divided into two parts, each of which is "gone" on the market prehistoric finds herself on sebe.Tolko last year by Swedish and American scientists could find and put together two parts of Ida. Discovery was unprecedented. The exhibition in New York City - is Ida's first appearance in public, reports RIA Novosti. "Paleontologists noted that in mammals the brush resemble human hand, fitted with nails rather than claws, which is rare for animals. She has a pronounced knee and elbow joints. The animal resembles a lemur, but it has many differences with the known species of this primata.Ida, rising 58 centimeters, has died at the age of 9 months, which equated to six years of age cheloveka.Uchenye note that over the past 500 million years a mass extinction of species that dwell on earth was happening at least five times. The extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago known as the last such sluchay.V history "Homo sapiens" species extinction is associated not with unknown natural phenomena, but mainly with the extermination of animals. Thus, over the past 500 years the planet has lost 75 species of mammals. Of those who survived to this day, 25% of species are threatened with death.

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Archaeologists have found in the Colossus of Apollo Turkey

Huge statue enjoyed great popularity in antiquity. An example may serve as the now disappeared, or the Colossus of Rhodes Colossus of Nero. Most of these statues have long ceased to exist - they were broken and used for the new city sooruzheniy.Drevny Ierapolis "Find a huge statue of Apollo - a unique phenomenon. Similar statues are found in Asia Minor is very rare. To have survived no more than a dozen similar examples of the art ", - said the head of the expedition, Francesco D'Andre (Francesco D'Andria), director of the Institute of Archaeological Heritage of the National Research Council in Lechche.Arheologi found the statue in the ancient city Ierapolis. Today this area is called Pamukkale.Ierapolis was founded about 190 years BC. e. Pergamum king vmen II (197-159 years BC. e.), and in 133 BC. e. He passed under the authority of Rome. Hellenistic town grew into a large and thriving Roman city, situated on the territory of which the temples, theater and sacred hot istochniki.Koloss ApollonaSpetsialisty dated the two huge marble bust statue of piece I age. The height of the newly found statue peaks at 4 am to this day have not reached a head and hands of Apollo, but at the time he could be one of the most impressive sights of the city. "Statue is sitting on a throne of Apollo, who in his left hand holds a cittern. God is wearing a drop-down pleats tunic. Clothes made so as to create the effect of transparent fabric, which is seen through his muscular body, "- said D'Andre. Interestingly, the sculptor is not so thoroughly carried out the back of the statue." Apparently, the statue stood at the wall and look at it could only the front "- D'Andre said. The statue was of particular importance for the city, as residents Ierapolisa revered Apollo as its founder. Perhaps it was the main statue in the temple of Apollo, who, like the temple at Delphi was built over an active fault. "We have not lost hope to recover fully to become not only virtually, but physically. Excavations are still going on, perhaps we can find at least a head "- concluded D'Andre. Virtual Ierapolis "Ierapolis - a unique place. Here archaeologists each year make the most valuable finds. Like other ancient buildings, the statue will try to reconstruct virtually, recreating as far as possible all the details "- told Gabellone Francesco (Francesco Gabellone), architect of the National Research Council in Lechche.Gabellone together with a team of researchers working on the creation of" virtual Ierapolisa " . Through this project, anyone can walk through the ancient city that existed during the reign of Roman Emperor Tiberius (42 BC. E. - 37 BC. E.). Ierapolis just at the time was restored after the earthquake. The city existed before 1334, but after the next earthquake, the inhabitants had left him forever.

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Social activity is important for human health

Social activity is as much important for the maintenance of human health, as sports, diet or medication. A study of British and Australian scientists published the London newspaper The Daily Express.Aktivnoe communication within various social groups and communities reduces the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and even grippa.Izdanie gives the results of studies professor Dzholendy Jette from the Australian University of Queensland, according to which the enthusiastic discussions over table, including in restaurants and cafes, increase the activity of the brain that the most positive impact on health. "We discovered how important it is to be in a social group and identify themselves with any particular group", - underlined its view Dzhetten.Po numerous diseases, first of all, are the psychological consequence of lack of positive communication rights. This special value is the friendship between people, observes Professor.

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Photodiodes based on nanotubes surpassed analogues

Researchers from the National Institute for Nanotechnology (Canada), Cornell and Michigan State University (both - the USA) have designed photodiodes based on nanotubes, which are markedly superior to existing analogues on the conversion efficiency energii.V their experiments the authors used single-walled carbon nanotube length 3-4 mm and a diameter of 1 ,5-3, 6 nm, which were placed on substrates of complex structure. The silicon substrates served as the bottom layer closure on top of it a layer of silicon dioxide thickness of 100 nm, and then - molybdenum controlling electrodes 50 nm thick, which are covered by another layer of silicon dioxide. Contacts for nanotubes were made of gold and hroma.Pri a voltage bias device functioned as a photodiode. To determine the characteristics of the photodiode investigators sent to the nanotube, laser, they said, with a substantial reverse bias and temperature below 90 to begin the process of shock excitation (ie, getting a photon leads to the formation of multiple electron-hole pairs). Increasing the bias voltage led to a stepwise increase of photocurrent, raising the energy of photons, the researchers were able to increase the scope of "steps". "Characteristics of the process say that nearly all the excess energy of a photon takes to get extra electrons - marks one of the authors Geybor Nathan (Nathan Gabor). - It is extremely important because the main disadvantage of solar cells are just lost in the conversion of energy. "However, to develop the industrial production of such devices in the near future is likely to fail. "We have only studied the physics of the process and proved that it is possible", - concludes Mr. Geybor.

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On Sun accelerated fusion

Canadian scientists have documented that the sun has accelerated the fusion of light atomic nuclei into heavier ones that occur in ultra-high temperature and accompanied by the release of huge amounts of energii.Soglasno scientific ideas, the main source of energy of the sun and other stars is nuclear fusion reaction that occurs in stars. In terrestrial conditions, this reaction is carried out except that the explosion of a hydrogen bomby.Uvelichenie rate of nuclear fusion in the solar interior have been linked to the upcoming start of a new cycle of stars. Traditionally, the solar cycle lasts 11 years, during which there is first off, and then decrease in activity of the Sun. As a result of increased activity, the energy generated by the Sun, will increase substantially, but because in the next few years, expect global potepleniya.Ranee absolute record of solar activity took place in 1998, it was then in different parts of the world was recorded average daily limit temperature vozduha.Napomnim specialists NASA in early August reported that a new cycle of increased solar activity will trigger the heat on Earth in the next five years.

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Environmentalists from orbit monitor every tree

A variety of spy satellites have allowed not only to follow the global processes on the planet. Now environmentalists can literally trace the fate of each tree. But the scale and location they need to quickly find problem rayony.Sputniki observer Earth has become the primary tool for ecologists. Registers should be not only natural phenomena such as fires or hurricanes, but also for the changes being made in the face of the planet people. In only one Earth Observing System (EOS), a special program for monitoring the Earth NASA, has served more than 20 satellites, and each of them is slightly different instrumentov.Chut more than a decade ago, when the EOS just started, many have questioned the need for such wide array of "spies" in the near-Earth space. But the years have convinced scientists at the feasibility of this approach. The fact that different satellites have different tasks. Their sensitive devices - spectrometers, radiometers, and various probes are working with different energy bands, from infrared to X-ray, and with different resolution. Therefore, what one sees, the other is unavailable, and vice versa. What is needed permission to scientists, depends on what they want to study: global, regional or local processes. Kalimantan in fokusePrekrasny example of a phenomenon that requires both a detailed and extensive observations - cutting of tropical forests. It is illustrated by his given image. Snapshot, which is located on the left, is made in natural colors with a tool ETM satellite NASA Landsat 7. The original photo has a resolution of 300 meters per pixel and covers an area about 22 km wide. Here you see the difference between plantation forests and untouched part of the Malaysian island of Borneo. Green plantations photo paler than the surrounding forest. Besides plantation divided into rectangular sections of the road. According to this scale can draw conclusions about the overall magnitude of changes in forest cover planety.Bolee detailed images shown on the right, made commercial satellite Ikonos. It has a natural color (it was extended only to sharpen the photo), the resolution of 1 meter per pixel and covers a rectangular area with a long side of 720 m. In the left image the same area is enclosed in a white rectangle. This original image can be discerned even some palm trees. The level of detail allows you to make conclusions, as it uses the land converted from forests to plantations, soon to see recent changes. However, to provide an overall picture, you must either make an expensive and lengthy step by step throughout the filming, or use these tools with a lower resolution. Wood for derevyamiPredstavlennye photos were taken in 2002 (Ikonos) and 2003 (Landsat), respectively. However, it is now, they drew attention to an ecologist at the University of Montana Ranning Steven (Steven W. Running). In his article published on the website NASA, he wrote that it was the satellites have become today an essential tool for both global and local ecology. That orbital tool allows to monitor both the expansion of deserts, deforestation and the Arctic ice, and for levels of carbon dioxide and ozone in the atmosphere. Ecologist calls on the international community not to forget about it and pay more attention to the development of space environment on satellites programm.Vmeste Infox.ru also sensitively monitors all the changes on our planet.

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Scientists will improve the efficiency of solar panels

Scientists have determined that carbon nanotubes can significantly increase the efficiency of solar cells. Article researchers appeared in the journal Science, a summary of its results ScienceNOW.Izvestno that when a photon hit in a molecule of some material in it there are electrons. At the same time they appear in the form of excitons - the quasi-particles, which consist of positively charged holes and negatively charged electrons. In this case the existing solar panels on a single photon typically has one exciton, and the remaining energy goes into teplo.Dostatochno scientists have long assumed that the situation may look quite different when it comes to objects of nanometer size. In the new work, researchers tested this hypothesis. To do this, they are "stretched" carbon nanotube between two electrodes. This battery was irradiated by laser pulses. As a result, researchers have been able to ensure that each photon in the material encountered at least two eksitona.Po Researchers say the new technology is still far from mass use. Installation created by them is, rather, for practical evidence of the effect of several quasiparticles of a single photon. In the future, but scientists hope that the use of this technology will increase the efficiency of solar cells, which is for industrial models now is about 20 per cent (ie 20 per cent of solar energy is converted into electricity). Recently, scientists managed to achieve record efficiency solar cells - 43 percent . The previous record was 42.8 percent and was set in 2007. The researchers note that the value was obtained in the laboratory. For example, the light before it passes to the battery focused special lenses.

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Scientists have uncovered the structure of cement

Researchers were able to determine the structure of frozen cement. Article researchers appeared in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and its summary is provided on the website of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whose staff participated in rabote.V the study team used a neutron interferometry to determine the structure of the material. To use this method, samples are irradiated by an intense flux of neutrons. Study pictures of dispersion allows scientists to determine the structure of materiala.Ranee researchers assumed that the concrete structure resembles the structure of a rare mineral tobermorita. In Tobermory, Mull has several layers: one composed of silicon atoms forming cells in the form of a tetrahedron, and the second - from calcium oxide. In the new work of the scientists were able to determine that the concrete structure of the layers a little otlichaetsya.V particular, they found that the structure of concrete is not completely crystalline. In particular, in some places silicon tetrahedra "emerge" from your layer in the oxide layer kaltsiya.Po scientists said the new data will create a more sophisticated model of concrete. Experts hope that they will modify the existing production of this material, at least in order to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The fact that cement plants are responsible for about 5 percent of all emissions.

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Reluctance to study inherited

Scientists have discovered why people are so reluctant to change. The reason for the reluctance to learn new. Anyone from school children and to pensioners, are reluctant to learn new, whether it is learned in school or functions of a mobile telefona.Okazyvaetsya, unwillingness to learn inherent at the gene level in each person. Some of this feature is more developed, while others cope with it. The researchers have explained why people are so reluctant to absorb new knowledge, and why people need a gene responsible for the "laziness"? In fact, laziness to learn a new cost us a legacy from the ancient people who come together in tribes and produce their own food on the hunt. Sometimes, our ancestors were forced to starve for 5-7 days. As you know, in the thinking brain uses up to 60% of the energy produced by the body. Thus, for the conservation of energy and effort, people just thought less, spending all our energies on procuring food.

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Antibiotics will be effective

Scientists from New York University (New York University), USA, revealed a protective mechanism in bacteria that allows them to resist antibiotics. The study showed that nitrogen oxide by bacteria, eliminates the key effects of many types antibiotikov.Obnaruzhilos also that nitric oxide reduces the damage inflicted by antibiotics, and helps to neutralize toxic substances mnnogie medicines. A blocking of nitric oxide in bacteria makes it possible to use smaller and less toxic doses of antibiotics, reports the BBC News.Rezistentnost to antibiotics, observed, for example, by Staphylococcus aureus, causes more problems and leads doctors to develop more new medicines. American experts hope their discovery will increase the efficiency of existing antibiotikov.Napomnim today that the World Health Organization (WHO) has repeatedly warned of the dangers of antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria. According to the organization, up to 4% of cases of tuberculosis resistant to all known medicines. Especially critical is the situation in some countries of the former USSR, where the proportion of tuberculosis that are resistant to antibiotics, up to 20%. Up to 60% of cases of tuberculosis in a form resistant to antibiotics accounted for four of the region: Russia, India, China and South Africa. This means that the epidemic of resistant (resistant to antibiotics) TB can expect a planet in the near buduschem.V last year, a new form of antibiotic-resistant meningitis and pneumonia was diagnosed in children in South Africa. Over the past six years, was discovered 12 cases of a new form of the disease, with five of these patients could not be saved. The cause of these diseases, scientists say too extensive use of very strong antibiotics for the treatment of intractable forms of tuberculosis. That is what led to the emergence of resistant forms of pneumococcal disease, which include meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis.

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The brain is re-established after 10 years

To recreate the human brain is probably already over 10 years sure neurobiologist, Professor Henry Merkrem from the Swiss Institute of Brain. "I am absolutely sure that it is possible both technically and biologically. The only clear point is so far the funding - it is extremely expensive project, "- he said. The apparent complexity of the human brain is not a barrier to create an exact copy of the brain, says a professor. "The brain, of course, extremely complex, as it consists of trillions of synapses, neurons, billions, millions of proteins and thousands of genes. However, their number all the same course. Today's technologies are advanced enough, and allow us to quickly reverse engineer the brain "- he said. As an example, the development of advanced technologies include advanced robots able to analyze and transform data ten times faster than scientists-people. Another barrier to the creation of the human brain is the fact that 100 years of neurobiological research have given millions of pieces of information, knowledge, have never coexisted together, never fully investigated. "Creating a model will serve to collect all this knowledge together, it will allow scientists to test any theory about the brain. The biggest challenge here is to understand how the Electric-magnetic-chemical system in our brain converted into our perception of reality. We think that we see the eyes, but in fact most of what we "see", is generated by our brain as a projection. So what do we really look at when we look "outside themselves"? For Professor Merkrema most interesting part of this study was the connection of hundreds of thousands of data that his lab has collected over the past fifteen years, into a coherent whole. He wondered what looks like a brain chip. "When we first put it, she began to reflect a number of interesting emergent properties. But this is still just the beginning, the main thing that we know that the brain may be constructed. As we move forward we will reveal the secrets of the structure of the brain, which could not provide before. Moreover, the brain, it turns out, uses a number of simple rules for solving extremely complex problems, and the isolation of each of these rules is very intriguing. For example, we were surprised to discover the simple principles on which billions of neurons are interconnected. I believe that we understand how the brain is designed and how it works, even before finishing his creation ", - considers the professor. Features that can be gained from the study are enormous, says Professor Merkrem. "The model of the brain will take part in the work of a supercomputer, provide educational and diagnostic services to society. As the industrial revolution in science, we will have more information than can store computers. Therefore, exact copies of the brain that can collect this information, inevitable. Make copies of the brain will also be necessary in order to treat people, because the order of two billion people suffer from various diseases of the brain "- the researchers say. About it reports "InformNauka."

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Physicists will reproduce the experiment with the Schrodinger cat

Physicists at the Institute for Quantum Optics and the Max Planck Institute of Photonic Sciences want to hold in reality, a famous thought experiment "Schrodinger cat." Quantum mechanics tells us that, as observed, each particle can only be in discrete states. But even in 1930 the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger showed that prior to the measurement of the particle is in a superposition of possible states, and only at the time of observation "collapses" to one of nih.Doktor Oriol Romero-Isart (Oriol Romero-Isart) and his colleagues propose an experiment on "suspension" of tobacco mosaic virus (tobacco mosaic virus) in a superposition of two quantum states. His rod-shaped form (50 nanometers in diameter and 1 micrometer in length) most liked uchenym.Dlya beginning, they offered to put a virus in a vacuum, where he was caught in a trap created by the laser electromagnetic field. Then, another laser, the research team intends to slow down the virus, while it does not stop at one of the lowest energy sostoyaniy.Kak this happens, physics with photon force him to go to the superposition of two quantum states: prior to the measurement of the virus, in theory, should will be in a mixture of movement and stillness odnovremenno.Uzhe now some scientists dispute the scientific validity of the experiment. Thus, many of them believe that the virus can not be called a living organism. At that Romero-Isart answers: the same can be done with microscopic Tardigrada. Scientists know that they can survive in space vacuum for several days. Oh, they like something quite amiss in the role of "Schrodinger cat". There is another objection. "I am absolutely sure that the virus is comparable in size to microscopic inanimate object that will behave the same way as inorganic molecules," - said Professor Martin captive from Imperial College London. Nevertheless, he was curious to try a similar experiment, in fact, quantum mechanics implies that, theoretically, in a superposition of states may even be such a big object, like a car or chelovek.Koshka Schrödinger - hero seemingly paradoxical thought experiment of Erwin Schrödinger, whom he wanted to demonstrate incompleteness of quantum mechanics when going from subatomic systems to makroskopicheskim.V sealed box placed cat. In the box there is a mechanism containing a radioactive nucleus and a container of poisonous gas. Parameters of the experiment were chosen so that the probability that the core would collapse in 1 hour, is 50%. If the nucleus decays, it causes a mechanism in place, he opens a container of gas, and a cat gibnet.Soglasno quantum mechanics, if above the core shall not be monitoring his condition is described by a superposition (mixture) of two states - nondecomposed disintegrated nucleus and the nucleus, therefore, cat, sitting in a box, and alive and dead odnovremenno.Esli same box open, then the experimenter is obliged to see just any one particular state - the "core collapsed, the cat is dead" or "kernel is not split up, the cat is alive." The purpose of the experiment -- show that quantum mechanics is incomplete without some rules, which specify under what conditions there is a collapse of the wave function and the cat is either dead or still alive, but ceases to be a mixture of fact and drugogo.V many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not consider the measurement process than something special, both of cats there, but dekogeriruyut. When the observer opens the box, formed two state observer of the living and the dead cat, which (state) do not interact with drugom.Drugimi words, when the box is opened, the universe splits into two different universes, one of which the observer looks at the box with the dead cat, and in the other - the other observer looks at the living koshku.Originalnaya article describing the thought experiment published in the German magazine Naturwissenschaften ( «Natural Sciences) in 1935.

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Why nicotine patch irritate the skin?

European scientists announced that they were able to explain why nicotine patches to help smokers get rid of bad habits, can cause irritation kozhi.Nikotin activates the so-called ion channels in cells of the skin, causing an inflammatory reaction of the immune system and itching, says journal Nature Neuroscience.Ranee irritation associated with the fact that the specific impact of nicotine receptors on nerve cells, causing them to send to the brain pain signaly.Issledovanie conducted on genetically modified mice in which no ion channels TRPA-1, led by Karel Talavera a Catholic University Leuven, near Bryusselya.Eto discovery could pave the way for the development of new treatments for smokers with fewer side effects.

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Dreams of Russia to the Moon

September 14, 1959, half a century ago, the Soviet automatic interplanetary station "Luna-2 for the first time in the history of mankind has reached the surface of the Earth's satellite, and left there pennants with the State Emblem of the USSR. It is from this day dates back program of lunar exploration, in which people stepped only 10 years after the landing apparatus of the Luna-2 ". Starting this station is not the first time carried out on two-and three-to medium with a block "E", create the basis for the rocket to launch Yuri Gagarin. Moreover, the "Luna-2 has helped to solve the complex problem of providing long-range space communications and telemetry data received. When you start a research conducted magnetic fields of Earth and Moon, the study of radiation belts surrounding the Earth, study the intensity and variations in intensity of cosmic radiation, the study of heavy nuclei in cosmic radiation, the study of the gas component of interplanetary matter, the study of meteor particles. This run confirmed that the Moon has no appreciable magnetic field around it and no radiation belts. At the moment, as the head of the Federal Space Agency Anatoly Perminov, "until such developments on the" moon "program, which is in Russia, has no country in the world." However, it should be noted that over a long period there were no government programs to develop satellite. At present, the Federal Space Program (FCP) until 2015, only two appear on the automatic "moon" project - "Luna-Glob" be launched in 2011, and starts in 2012, "Moon Resources. Russia project "Luna-Glob" is intended to explore the internal structure of the natural satellite of Earth. Scientists at the same time planning to get an answer to the question of whether the Moon was formed simultaneously with the entire solar system or a "split" by a huge asteroid hit the Earth the size of Mars. Joint Russo-Indian project "Luna-Resource" includes a landing on the lunar surface self-propelled vehicle, lunar rover. As for manned missions to the Moon, then, according to deputy head of the Federal Space Agency Vitaly Davydov, "following the PCF, for the period from 2012 to 2020, will answer the question, what do we do on the moon." Under this program has developed a new generation of manned system, including the carrier rocket from the launch facility and manned spacecraft. Nevertheless we should not forget that in Russia there are serious projects to create on the moon base for mining. According to scientists, the Moon and asteroids may become a kind of "last resort" earthlings, when the planet will run out energy and other resources. According to expert estimates SAI them. Sternberg, exceeding the critical level of energy consumption is expected as early as the middle of next century. Apart from Russia, "lunar" programs are also being developed in the United States, Europe, China, India and Japan. Many projects. Some of them were quite successful, others - no. So, 14 September 2007 from the cosmodrome "Tanegashima" with the help of a powerful booster rocket HLB-2A (H-2A) to the Moon was sent to a Japanese lunar probe "Kaguya". How to find representatives of the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA, the staff managed to get "very important data about the moon and explore its geological history." But the project of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) had not gone so smoothly. The American partners of ISRO in the program recognized the failure of attempts to obtain data on the presence on the Moon signs of frozen water with the help of satellite Chandrayaan-1 ", forced to stop work on the lunar orbit. The aim was to survey the implementation of the most shadow areas in the zone of the north pole of the moon with radar, Mini-SAR synthetic aperture, who worked on board the Chandrayaan-1, and the Mini-RF system of the American orbiter LRO. Both space "intelligence" should have been at the same time from different perspectives capture zone of the crater Erianger, located on the lunar surface. The experiment proved unsuccessful. It was later revealed, "Chandrayaan-1" was aimed at the right time of the shooting was not at that point. Resultant failures in its thermal protection system. To such conclusion experts of ISRO after the analysis of telemetry data received from the board of the apparatus. Despite the fact that the first Indian lunar mission, designed for two years, ended after ten months, she assesses the ISRO as fairly successful. According to the chairman Madhavan Nair agency, technical challenges faced by the satellite, were performed on 100 per cent and the scientifically managed to make about 90-95 percent of what was planned. Meanwhile, further research scientists to be not only the Moon. According to Deputy Director of the Institute of Space Research Oleg Korableva in 2020-2021 years Russia may send an exploratory mission to the moons of Jupiter - Europe. It is expected that the mission will orbiter and lander. When manufacturing these modules will be used backlogs missions - "Phobos-Grunt" and "Moon Resources. The main task will be to search for traces of extraterrestrial life and study the structure of Europe.

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